HANDY ENGLISH CLUB

FUNGSI SOSIAL, STRUKTUR , DAN UNSUR KEBAHASAAN  

TEKS DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

Dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris anda dituntut untuk memiliki ketrampilan mendengarkan, membaca, berbicara, dan menulis. Empat ketrampilan tersebut harus dikuasai secara integrated sehingga menghasilkan guru yang professional dalam penguasaan akademik dari mata pelajaran yang diampu. Ketrampilan tersebut bisa dilakukan salah satunya dengan memahami teks lisan dan tulis. Teks adalah rentetan kalimat kalimat yang berkaitan yang menghubungkan proposisi yang satu dengan proposisi lainnya yang membentuk satu kesatuan sehingga terbentuklah makna yang serasi diantara kalimat kalimat tersebut, dan merupakan kesatuan bahasa yang terlengkap dan tertinggi di atas kalimat atau klausa dengan kohesi dan koherensi yang ber kesinam-bungan disampaikan secara lisan dan tulis.

Teks lisan adalah teks yang diperdengarkan sedangkan teks tulis adalah teks sebagai bahan bacaan. Ada banyak jenis teks yang dibedakan berdasarkan fungsi sosial dari masing masing teks.

Di dalam kurikulum 2013, peserta didik diharapkan menguasai fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan ciri kebahasaan.

1. Fungsi sosial sebuah teks adalah bagaimana teks tersebut mampu menyampaikan tujuan komunikatifnya terhadap pendengar atau pembaca. Jika dilihat dari sudut tujuan komunikatif maka setiap bentuk kegiatan penggunaan bahasa, baik dalam konteks komunikasi lisan maupun tulis, selalu ada dua macam tujuan komunikasi yaitu (1.) to demand information or action dan (2) to give information or action.

Selain itu setiap teks juga terdapat dua macam fungsi komunikasi (communicative function) yang sangat penting, yaitu (1.) ideational function dan (2.) interpersonal function. Ideational function   adalah penggunaan bahasa Inggris oleh seseorang sebagai sarana untuk mengungkapkan informasi yang objektif atau untuk mengungkapkan realitas yaitu informasi atau makna objektif yang diakui secara umum oleh masyarakat, yang kebenarannya datang dari luar diri seseorang. Fungsi ini diwujudkan melalui pemilihan dan penggunaan yang tepat kata kerja dalam predicate misalnya : study, write, listen, eat dan lain lain, sedangkan interpersonal function adalah penggunaan  bahasa  Inggris  oleh  seseorang  sebagai  sarana mengungkapkan informasi subyektif atau maksud hati dari diri seseorang. Fungsi ini diwujudkan melalui pemilihan dan penggunaan:

·    Subject     : the people, they, she, I you etc.

·    Finite        : do, does, is, am, are,(present), did, was, were(past).

·    Modal       : will, would, could etc

·    Mood adjunct       : always, usually, really.

Fungsi sosial masing teks berbeda satu dan lainnya.  Berikut ini adalah jenis teks dan fungsi sosialnya:

Tabel 1          : Tabel Fungsi Sosial Jenis-jenis Teks

No.	Text type	Social Function
1.	Procedure	To help us do a task or make something. They can be set of instruction or directions. To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.
2.	Recount	To retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining
3.	Report	To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural man-made and social phenomena in our environment.

No.	Text type	Social Function
4.	Discussion	To present (at least) two points of view about an issue
5.	Explanation	To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
6.	Exposition (analytical)	To persuade the reader or the listener that something is the case
7.	Exposition (hortatory)	To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.
8.	News item	To inform the reader, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
9.	Anecdote	To share with others an accounts of an unusual or amusing incident.
10.	Narrative	To amuse entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways ; Narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
11.	Description	To describe a particular person, place, or thing.
12.	Review	To critique an art work, event for public audience, such work of art including movies, TV shows, plays, operas, recording, exhibitions, concerts, and ballets.

2. Struktur Teks

Jenis  teks  atau  genre  dalam  konteks  komunikasi  lisan  dan  tulis merupakan serangkaian langkah yang sebaiknya di penuhi dalam suatu konteks komunikasi.  Genre  diibaratkan  suatu budaya  atau  adab  atau sopan santun dalam berkomunikasi. Tanpa melalui langkah langkah tersebut bisa dipastikan infomasi tidak akan efektif untuk di terima pendengar. Terdapat dua hal yang dapat di bedakan dalam konteks lisan dan tulis, yaitu komunikasi dialogue dan komunikasi monologue.

·    Dalam konteks dialog terdapat adab tata-cara atau budaya yang berlaku setempat. Setiap konteks perbincangan lisan (dialog) dalam berbagai macam topic selalu memiliki rhetorical element, yaitu :

a.  Opening/ greeting b.  Talk discussion

c.   Ending / closing

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·    Dalam konteks monologue berbeda dengan konteks dialogue. Target untuk setiap bentuk monologue adalah efektivitas, yaitu penyampaian informasi atau pesan secara efektif oleh pembicara atau penulis sehingga dapat diinterpretasikan oleh pendengar atau penulis dengan jelas. Agar lebih efektif, sebuah teks harus dikemas dengan genre tertentu berdasarkan fungsi sosial yang sudah di tentukan.

Contoh :

Jika ingin memberikan informasi tentang aktivitas yang anda lakukan dimasa lalu atau informasi mengenai suatu peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lalu maka informasi tersebut harus dikemas dalam bentuk teks recount dengan social function : to retell the reader about past events through sequence of events dengan teks organization : (1) orientation,(2) series of events, (3) re-orientation.

Berikut ini adalah table jenis teks dan masing masing text organization

nya.

Tabel 2     : Tabel Organisasi Text

No	Text Type	Text Organization
1.	Recount	a.   Orientation : provides the setting and introduces participants b.   Series of events : tell what happened through sequence of events c.    Re-orientation: optional closure of events.
2.	Report	a.   General Classification: tell the phenomenon under discussion is. b.   Description: tells what the phenomenon under is like in terms of (1) parts, (2) qualities, (3) habit or behaviors, if living; uses, if non-natural.

  

No	Text Type	Text Organization
3.	Discussion	a.   Issue :opening statement and preview b.   Arguments or evident for different points of view, argument for and argument against. The arguments include point and elaboration c.   Conclusion or recommendation.
4.	explanation	a.   General statement to position the reader. b.   Sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
5.	Exposition (analytical)	a.   Thesis : 1.   position : introduces topic and indicates writer‟s position. 2.   Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented. b.   Arguments 1.   Point    : restates main arguments outlined in preview. 2.   Elaboration : develops and supports each points/argument c.   Reiteration : restates writer‟s position.
6.	Exposition (hortatory)	a.   Thesis :       announcement of an issue concern. b.   Arguments : reasons for concerns, leading to recommendation. c.   Recommendation : statement of what ought or ought not to happen.
7.	News Item	a.   Newsworthy event(s) : recounts the events in summary form. b.   Background events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances. c.   Sources :     comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.
8.	Anecdote	a.   Abstract    : signals the retelling of  unusual incidents b.   Orientation : sets the scene c.   Crisis        : provides details of the unusual incident. d.   Reaction   : reaction to crises e.   Coda         : optional reflection on or evaluation of the incident
9.	narrative	a.   Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants. b.   Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight. c.   Complication : crisis arises d.   Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse e.   Re-orientation : optional
10.	Procedure	a.   Goal b.   Materials (not required for all procedural texts) c.   Steps

No	Text Type	Text Organization
11.	Description	a.   Identification : identifies phenomenon to be described. b.   Description : describes parts, qualities, characteristics.
12.	Review	a.   Orientation :places the work in its general and particular context b.   Interpretative recount :summaries the plot c.   Evaluation :  provides an evaluation of the work d.   Evaluative summation : provides a punch line which sums up the reviewer‟s opinion of  the art.

[Sumber: Standar Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris SMA dan Madrasah

Aliyah, Depdiknas tahun 2003]

3. Language features

Dalam setiap teks lisan dan tulis bahasa Inggris selalu memiliki gambaran unsure kebahasaan. Gambaran unsur kebahasaan dalam teks lisan dan tulis bahasa Inggris disajikan pada tabel 2.3 berikut ini.

Tabel 3: Tabel Language Feature of Text

No	Text Type	Language Features of text
1.	Recount	·     Focus on specific participants ·     Use of material process ·     Circumstances of place and time ·     Past tense ·     Focus on temporal sequence
2.	Report	·     Focus on generic participants ·     Use of relational processes to state what is and which it is ·     Use of simple present tense ·     No temporal sequence
3.	Discussion	·     Focus on generic human and non human participants ·     Use of relational processes ·     Use of material process ·     Use of comparative contrastive and consequential conjunction ·     Reasoning expressed as verb and nouns

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No	Text Type	Language Features of text
4.	Explanation	·     Focus on generic non human participants ·     Use of relational processes to state what is and which it is ·     Use of material process ·     Use of conjunction ·     Some use of passive voice
5.	Exposition (analytical)	·     Focus on generic human and non human participants ·     Use of simple present tense ·     Use of relational processes ·     Use of internal conjunction to state argument ·     Reasoning through causal conjunction or nominalization.
6.	Exposition (hortatory)	·     Focus on generic human and non-human participants ·     Use of relational processes ·     Use of material process ·     Use of mental process ·     Use of simple present
7.	News Item	·     Use of past tense ·     Use of passive voice ·     Use of conjunction to show sequence ·     Action verb ·     Use of participants
8.	Anecdote	·     Use of material process ·     Use of temporal conjunction ·     Use of rhetorical questions, intensifiers
9.	Narrative	·     Focus on specific participants ·     Use of past tense ·     Use of material process ·     Use of relational process ·     Use of temporal conjunction
10.	Procedure	·     Focus on generalized special agent ·     Use of present tense ·     Use of material process ·     Use of relational process ·     Use of temporal conjunction
11.	Description	·     Focus on specific participant ·     Attributive and identifying prodcess ·     Use simple present tense.

[Sumber: Standar Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris SMA dan  Madrasah

Aliyah, Depdiknas tahun 2003]

Berikut  Anda  bisa  membaca  berbagai  contoh  jenis  teks  yang  sudah disebutkan sebelumnya.   Anda bisa mengidentifikasi fungsi social, struktur dan unsur kebahasaan teks-teks dibawah ini.

Text 1

Last week my friend and I were bored after three weeks of holidays, so we rode our bikes to Smith Beach, which is only five kilometers from where I live. When we arrived at the beach, we were surprised to see there was hardly anyone there.  After having a quick dip in the ocean, which was really cold, we realized one reason there were not many people there.  It was also quite windy.

After we bought some hot chips at the takeaway store nearby, we rode our bikes down the beach for a while, on the hard, damp part of the sand.  We had the wind behind us and, before we knew it, we were many miles down the beach.  Before we made the long trip back, we decided to paddle our feet in the water for a while, and then sit down for a rest.  While we were sitting on the beach, just chatting, it suddenly dawned on us that all the way back, we would be riding into the strong wind.

When we finally made it back home, we were both totally exhausted!  But we learned some good lessons that day.

Text 2

Once upon a time, there lived a kind hearted man and his wife. One morning, his wife found a poor little sparrow. She took it gently and fed it. To show its gratitude, the sparrow stayed with them and sang every morning. But there was an ill-tempered old woman who didn't like the sparrow. She cut the sparrow's tongue. That's why the bird flew away to its previous nest.

Knowing that their sparrow flew away, the kind man and his wife looked for the sparrow. They walked a long way, crossed the bridges, climbed the

mountains and passed the woods.

At last, they could find the sparrow's nest. The sparrow welcomed them and provided a feast for them. Before they went home, the sparrow brought

two baskets; one was large and looked heavy, and the other one was small

and light. The sparrow asked them to choose only one. They chose the small and that was the best choice. There were many rolls of silk and piles of gold in it.

Being jealous, the ill-tempered old woman did the same thing as the kind man and his wife did. She chose the big basket which actually contained

wasps and venomous crawlers, such as scorpions, centipedes, and other horrible creatures. Finally, they stung and bit her to death.

[Source: www.understandingtext.com]

Text 3

How a cell phone work is really wonderful. A cell phone or in long term "cellular telephone' works by transmitting signals of radio to towers of cellular. The  towers  are networked to a central switching  station. The  connection usually uses wire, fiber optic-cables, or microwave.

Then the central switching station which handles calls in certain given area is directed connected to the wire-based telephone system. Cellulars are pick up

by the towers and relayed to another cellular telephone user or the user of wire-based telephone network.

The towers vary in the capacity and capability to receive signals. Some can receive the signal from short distance and the others can receive more distance. However, there are usually more than one tower in certain given

area so that the system can handle the increasing telephone traffic.

[Source;typesoftext.blogspot.com]

Text 4

Learning a foreign language is an investment for the future that can produce many benefits whether it is for one’s career, travel adventures or personal growth.   Learning a foreign language can take many months of dedication, however   the   venture   will   more   than   likely   open   the   door   to   many opportunities.   Learning   a   foreign   language   takes   time,   patience   and sometimes money. Nevertheless, French, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese, among many others, are all languages that can provide great improvement to career, travel or intellect.

Firstly, learning a foreign language can be advancement in our career.The

21st century trend in progress is globalization, and with improvement in technology that provides the ability to communicate with anyone, anywhere, more and more companies are working internationally. Employers will be looking   for   a   valuable  employee,   one   that  can   correspond  with  an international partner, investor, customer, etc. The fact that one is fluent in a foreign language will give an edge on their resume, which can make a stand out applicant.  In other words, many companies will actually increase pay for those who can speak a foreign language and have used their skill towards increasing career performance.

Secondly, learning foreign language can also enhance travel experience. Always dreamed of going to China, Egypt, Italy or Croatia? A dream vacation can be even better if one knows the language of the locals. By knowing the language of the land, one can increase their travel experience by being able to explore freely. An individual who is fluent in a specific foreign language is able to speak to the local people, shop, dine and respectfully enjoy a foreign land.

Thirdly is, it can expand our intellect.   Learning a language can be ultimately good for the mind. Through engaging in a foreign language, one is able to increase vocabulary, pushing the brain to its fullest capacity. Learning

a foreign language also exercises the memory. Learning a foreign language can  help to increase mental power  by being able  to  speak  and  think  in another language.

Again, learning a foreign language is an investment of time and money, depending on the route chosen. However, the benefits of learning a foreign language  are  superior  and  can  improve many aspects  of  a  person's  life greatly. Whether it is for a career opportunity, a dream vacation or personal growth, a foreign language is a fantastic asset.

Adapted from; http://rebecca-wrenn.suite101.com/benefits-of-learning-a-foreign- language-a130160

Text 5

In advanced countries around the world, reading is encouraged in children

from an early age.  It is an essential thing for younger generations to compete in the global marketplaces of the future.

Based on the observation done in Indonesia, statistics show that the reading interest and reading habit in Indonesia still low.   From 41 countries observed Indonesia was in the 39th  than other ASEAN countries.   It was approved by the study done by Vincent Greanary that the sixth grade of Elementary students’ reading ability in Indonesia was at the last rank (51,7). In  view  of these statistics,  it is obvious that Indonesians  are  not reading enough and steps must be taken to promote the reading habit.

For one thing, the reading habit has to be cultivated from a young age. Children must be made aware that reading can expand the imagination, improve vocabulary and increase knowledge.   From this stepping stone, children should grow to appreciate reading as natural and not a chore.

Furthermore, parents should set the example by reading at home, be it newspaper, magazines or story books.  Children should be brought up in an environment where books and other reading materials constitute part of their daily lives.  Home libraries could also provide this conducive environment.  All homes should have a library, no matter how small, to encourage family members to read and to make reading a passion.   Children should also be given books as presents, taken regularly to bookshops and public libraries, and encourage to read during their leisure hours.  Children should look upon books as ultimate prizes when they achieve excellent results in schools.  In fact, libraries should be established in housing estates in town, and mobile libraries should travel to the rural areas.  More reading campaigns should be organized at the state and districts level.

Undoubtedly,  steps  should  also  be  taken  to  reduce  the  prices  of imported books.  The prices of such books have increased by as much as 40 percent and that puts them beyond the budget of the average Indonesian.

As the country is marching into the era of science and technology, it is necessary for all Indonesians, especially students, to gain greater knowledge and hone their thinking skills through reading.  Therefore, it is certain beyond any doubt, that the reading habit has to be cultivated among Indonesians.

[Adapted from Focus SPM English]

D. Aktivitas Pembelajaran

Pada bagian ini Anda akan melakukan kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan social function   of   text,   organization   of   text,   dan  language   feature   of   text. Sebelumnya Anda harus memahami teori tentang kegiatan diatas. Dengan membaca ulang teori tersebut. Anda akan membaca berbagai teks dan diharapkan mampu menentukan social function of text, organization of text dan language feature of text.

E. Latihan/ Kasus/Tugas

Latihan: Pilihlah satu jawaban yang paling tepat dengan memberi tanda silang (X) pada opsi yang ada.

Text 1

The Return of Dracula

There were two little boys who loved horror movies very much.  They said,

“Scary movies give us a lot of excitement and pleasure.”

One night both of them watched the Return of Dracula on cable TV at their grandmother‟s house.   Their grandmother asked, “Aren‟t you frightened by horror movie?”

“No! We have grown up.  All those wolves and Draculas are a bluff and don‟t scare us anymore, Grandma,”  both replied.

Throughout the movie, Dracula appeared as an ugly bloodthirsty vampire, who  always  preyed  upon  lonely  men,  women  and  children.    Watching Dracula, the children felt the same fear as what the victims in the movie really felt.

When the movie came to an end, one of the boys  wanted to go to the bathroom door, they were shocked to see someone sitting on the toilet seat.

  

Affected by the movie they had just seen, the boys believed that they had seen a Dracula. When the “Dracula” gave a broad grin, the two boys realized suddenly that they were frightened and ran towards the grandmother‟s room. The two little boys got into the bed, then cuddled up together under the blanket.  A few minutes later, their grandmother awoke because she felt the bed shaking violently.  It turned out that the two little boys were trembling with fear. The grandmother asked, “What‟s wrong?”

“We wanted to go to the bathroom, but we saw Dracula sitting on the toilet seat,” the boys replied.

“Boys! I thought you have grown up.  That was your grandpa, not Dracula,”

their grandmother laughed hysterically.

Ever since that night, the boys chose their TV program wisely.   They only watched programs that were suitable for them.

1. The text mainly tells us about ….

A.  the horror movies

B.  the story of vampire

C.  the difference between Dracula and werewolves

D.  the reason not to watch horror movies at night

E.  how children normally react after watching horror movies

2.   According to the text, which of the following sentences is true?

A.  Dracula is vampire                             D.  Dracula preys on animals

B.  Dracula is a real character                 E.  Dracula lives in water

C.  Dracula is a participant in a movie

3. Who are the main characters in the text?

A.  Dracula and another vampire               D. The two little boys

B.  The grandma and grandpa                  E. The victims and the audience

C.  The return of Dracula

4.   Where did the two boys watch the movie?

A.  In their grandparents‟ house           D.  In cinema centre B.  in the movie theatre                        E.  In their own house C.  In their friend‟s house.

5. When the grandmother asked the two boys whether they were scared of horror movies, what did they reply?

A.  They said they were still young and not scared of horror movies.

B.   They said they had seen a lot of horror movies, and they were not scared of them.

C.  They said horror movies were real, and they were scared to watch.

 D.  They said it was a bluff, and they were not scared as they had grown up.

E.  They said sometimes they were scared but not always.

6.  What did the boys see in the bathroom?

A.  They saw a ghost                            D.  They saw their grandfather

B.  They saw Dracula                           E.  They say a thief

C.  They saw their grandmother

7.  Why did the grandmother wake up?

A.  Because she needed to go to the bathroom. B.  Because she was scared of the horror movie. C.  Because she felt the bed shaking violently.

D.  Because she was scared of Dracula. E. Because she was having a nightmare.

8. What is the social function of the text above?

A. To persuade the reader to watch horror movie. B. To amuse the reader with the story

C. To explain about how does a nightmare happen?

D. To inform the readers about the boys‟ nightmare

E. To present two point of view about the story

9. The story above mostly use …

A. simple present tense

B. simple past tense C. simple future tense D. passive voice

E. past perfect tense

10. The generic structure suitable with the story above is …

A. orientation ---- events -----reorientation

B. identification ----- description

C. general classification ----- description

D. orientation --- complication ---- resolution ---- reorientation

E.     issue     ----     argument     for     ----     argument     against     ---- conclusion/recommendation

  

Text 2

Due to the unpleasant effects on children, online games should be banned by the government. Firstly, online games totally distract children from studying. Instead of listening carefully to what teachers say in class, young gamers often think or chat with their friends about how they can improve their ability in the games or where are they going to hang out in their cyber world and so on. Moreover, after school,  they just go straight to the computers, ignoring  their  homework  and lessons to review, letting their grades lower more and more. Apart from the in- class distraction and irresponsibility, online games cost a great deal of money. The longer children spend time on it, the more money it takes. This doesn‟t only mean the costs of home internet service or internet café usage, but also the games  themselves  have  to  be  top  up  with  money.  The  final  and  the  most important reason is that online games unbelievably cause social problems. The gamer just ignore their around, and concentrate on themselves.  They may not care what could happen around them even themselves.

Based on the reason above, it is better for the parents to minimize their children  time  in  playing  online  games.    They can  manage  some  interesting activities to do with their children such as sport, travelling or any other activities that can be done in home or outside.  And for the government, they should give a strict rule relating to these online games or even ban it.

[Adapted from: http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Online-Games-Should-Be-Banned- By/192821]

11. What is the topic of the text above?

A.  Games online.

B.  The bad effects of games online.

C. Online games distract the children from studying. D. Online games spend a lot of money.

E. The strict rules on online games.

12. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?

A.   Games online should be banned.

B.   Parents‟ role on the children activities.

C.   Parents should minimize their children‟s time consuming on games.

D.  Government‟s role in applying the rule for the online gamers.

E.  The writer‟s argument on the issues mentioned.

13.  Online games should be banned by the government (par. 1).  The bold

word in the sentence can be best replaced by ….

A.  left

B. forbade C. stopped D.  applied

E.  minimized

Text 3

Spiders are predatory invertebrate animals.  They are not classified in the class of insect.  A spider has eight legs while an insect never has more than six legs.

Spiders have a body with two main divisions, four pairs of walking legs and two other pairs of abdominal spinnerets for spinning threads of silk.  This silk can be used to aid in climbing, build egg sacs and catch prey.

Spiders kill so many insects, but they never do the least harm to man‟s belonging.   Spiders are busy for at least half of the year killing insects.   It is impossible  to  find  out  how  many  insects  they  kill,  since  they  are  hungry creatures which cannot be content with only three meals a day.

[Taken from TOPS Siap UN Bahasa Inggris by Eudia Grace, Th. M. Sudarwati. Sri mulyati. Penerbit Erlangga. 2008]

14. The purpose of the text above is to …

A. retell about spiders

B. describe an insect

C. inform about spiders

D. persuade people about spiders

E. tell a particular spiders in chronological order

Text 4

What Causes Weather

Weather is the physical condition of the atmosphere at a particular time.   It includes temperature, air pressure and water content.

Weather is produced when air moves from place to place.   This moving air is known as wind.  Winds are caused by warm air rising and cooler air moving to replace it.  Warm air is usually less dense than cool air; therefore, it creates low air pressure.  Cool air is more dense and creates high air pressure.

Usually we have fine weather when the air pressure is high, and we will have clouds, rain or snow when air pressure drops.

[Taken from TOPS Siap UN Bahasa Inggris by Eudia Grace, Th. M. Sudarwati. Sri mulyati. Penerbit Erlangga. 2008]

15. What is the purpose of the text?

A.    To retell about weather

B.    To describe about weather

C.    To describe the steps of the formation of weather D.    To explain the process of the formation of weather E.    To persuade people about the formation of weather

Text 5

Integrated Pest Management

There is no one best way to deal  with pests in agriculture.   Pesticides are commonly used, but this may cause many problems.

First, the chemicals in pesticides may build up as residues in the environment. This reduces the quality of farm‟s products. As well, pests can gradually become resistant to pesticides.   This means that newer and stronger ones have to be developed.  Some pesticides also affect non target animals such as a fish and

bees. This affects natural balance

To wipe out agriculture pests completely may be very expensive.   Sometimes, pests damage costs less than the method of control.

Finally, understanding the ecology of the area will help a lot in a pest control. Natural enemies can be used to control pests.  IN other words, it can be said that an integrated pest management is safer and more effective to be used as a solution to deal with pests in agriculture

[Taken from TOPS Siap UN Bahasa Inggris by Eudia Grace, Th. M. Sudarwati. Sri mulyati. Penerbit Erlangga. 2008]

16. What is the purpose of the text?

A.    To describe how pesticides are commonly used

B.    To inform the readers about the effects of pesticides

C.    To persuade the readers that IPM is the case

D.    To explain how the IPM works

E.    To tell the reader what the Integrated Pest Management is

17. The text above is in the form of a/an …

A.    Report

B.    Review

C.    Discussion

D.    Analytical exposition

E.    Hortatory exposition

Text 6

“Cire Perdue” is French words of Lost Wax.  It is a process of wax casting used in

making metal sculpture.

First, a model is coated with wax.  The solidified wax is encased in a two layer mold of plaster or clay.  It is then melted or otherwise removed from the mold, and metal is poured into the space where the wax had been.  After cooling, the mold is broken to free the metal object.

This ancient method is used to produce sculpture, jewelry, and utilitarian products

such as dentures.

[Taken from: Look Ahead 3 dalam TOPS Siap UN Bahasa Inggris by Eudia Grace, Th. M. Sudarwati. Sri mulyati. Penerbit Erlangga. 2008]

18. The type of the text above is a/an…

A.    Report

B.    Description C.    Explanation D.    Exposition E.    Discussion

19. The communicative purpose of the text is …

A.    To describe Lost Wax

B.    To tell the readers about Lost Wax

C.    To explain the process of making Lost Wax

D.    To inform how to make Lost Wax

E.    To present how Lost Wax works

20. The generic structure of the text is …

A.    Goal – material needed ---steps

B.    Orientation --- events --- reorientation

C.    Newsworthy events --- background --- source

D.    General statement --- sequenced explanation of how, why --- closing

E.    General  statement  ---  description  of  the  parts  ---  description  of  the qualities

F. Rangkuman

Dalam mempelajari sebuah teks, ada beberapa factor yang perlu dipahami yaitu social function of the text, organization of the text, dan language feature of the text tersebut. Masing masing factor sudah dijelaskan diatas. Setiap jenis text selalu memiliki fungsi sosial yang berbeda namun ada beberapa teks yang memiliki unsure kebahasaan yang sama

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